在Maya創(chuàng)建逼真的汽車

在本教程中，您將看到如何開始可視化并創(chuàng)建逼真的3D經(jīng)典車。 在接下來(lái)的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題中，我們將從第一個(gè)阻塞階段到最終渲染的汽車建模過(guò)程。

在這些教程中，我們將使用Maya來(lái)建模汽車，V-Ray的可視化和Photoshop來(lái)編輯圖像。 盡管如此，您使用的軟件實(shí)際上并不重要，因?yàn)橹攸c(diǎn)將放在創(chuàng)建模型背后的原則上。

我們將創(chuàng)建1939年的Delage D8 120 Cabriolet Chapron，但使用本教程作為基礎(chǔ)，您將能夠創(chuàng)建任何車輛。 我們也將使用多邊形。 我們將從一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的框中創(chuàng)建幾何，并且會(huì)反復(fù)平滑，直到我們獲得所需的細(xì)節(jié)水平，最終得到高度詳細(xì)的模型。

In this tutorial, you will discover how to begin to visualize and create a photorealistic 3D classic car. Over the next few issues, we will follow the process of modeling a car from its first blocking stages, to the final render.

During these tutorials we will use Maya for the modeling of the car, V-Ray for its visualization and Photoshop to edit the image. Despite this, it actually doesn't matter what software you use, as the emphasis will be on the principles behind the creation of a model.

We will create the 1939 Delage D8 120 Cabriolet Chapron - but using this tutorial as a base, you will be able to create any vehicle. We will also work with polygons. We will create geometry from a simple box, and will smooth it repeatedly until we obtain the desired level of detail, ultimately ending up with a highly detailed model.

Step :01 References

First, we need a photo of the car. Shots on all sides of the vehicle are obligatory, so first let's examine the proper selection of references:

1. It is preferable that you have a photo of the car on all sides. We need to see the car's shape with all the details. If you don't have enough photos or you don't have a large shot with particular details, you need to take a pencil and draw these details in to understand the shapes.

2. It is good to know the car's sizes too: its length, width, height and wheelbase. We need it to better observe and recreate the proportions.

3. A blueprint is not all that necessary for the creation of the car. Very often they are incorrect, though they can help during those first stages in the creation of the model, when we need to build the main shape quickly and correctly. If you don't have a blueprint, it's not a problem, as photos and the car's sizes will be enough.

步驟：01參考文獻(xiàn)

首先，我們需要一張汽車的照片。 首先要檢查車輛的各個(gè)方面，以便正確選擇參考文獻(xiàn)：

你最好有車子的所有照片。 我們需要看到汽車的形狀與所有的細(xì)節(jié)。 如果您沒(méi)有足夠的照片，或者您沒(méi)有拍攝特別細(xì)節(jié)的照片，則需要用鉛筆繪制這些細(xì)節(jié)以了解形狀。

了解汽車的尺寸也很重要：它的長(zhǎng)度，寬度，高度和軸距。 我們需要它來(lái)更好地觀察和重建比例。

汽車的制作并不是一個(gè)藍(lán)圖。 很多時(shí)候他們是錯(cuò)誤的，雖然他們可以幫助在模型的創(chuàng)建的第一階段，當(dāng)我們需要快速，正確地建立主要形狀。 如果你沒(méi)有藍(lán)圖，這不是問(wèn)題，因?yàn)橛姓掌�和汽車的尺寸就夠了�?/p>

Step 02: Problems with references

There can be many problems with reference images. The most common mistakes during the work with references are as follows:

If you have a photo with the side view of the car, you may wish to load it into the side projection and start to create a chassis with this photo. This will ultimately end up being incorrect as it will lead to distortion of the overall shape of the model. The point is that the photo has a perspective which will cause a strong distortion. If you don't have a blueprint with a side view, it is better to simply trust your eyes.

Another problem can be caused by using photos without taking the camera's characteristics into account. Usually we use up to five photos to create the accurate shape and there is potential for mistakes when setting the scene's camera differently to the settings of the camera that was used for taking the photo. If you made the references yourself, you can see the settings of your camera by just right-clicking on the filename and choosing Properties > Details. If you don't know the settings of your photo, you need to set the camera manually. It takes time, but it helps a lot in comparing your photo and model.

Regardless of our approach in the creation of conditions for modeling, the chief thing is not to make the mistakes described above. Of course, it is possible to create a car without any photos or blueprints, but the outcome will depend on how well your eye is developed. If you don't trust your sense of proportions or you want to be absolutely sure, you need to use some auxiliary pictures. The chief thing is not to confuse photos with blueprints and not to use them as replacements for one-another.

步驟02：引用問(wèn)題

參考圖像可能有很多問(wèn)題。參考文獻(xiàn)中最常見的錯(cuò)誤如下：

如果您有一張照片的側(cè)視圖，您可能希望將其加載到側(cè)面投影，并開始使用此照片創(chuàng)建一個(gè)機(jī)箱。這將最終不正確，因?yàn)樗鼘��?dǎo)致模型的整體形狀的扭曲。關(guān)鍵是照片有一個(gè)會(huì)導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)烈扭曲的視角。如果你沒(méi)有一個(gè)側(cè)面的藍(lán)圖，最好是相信你的眼睛。

使用照片而不考慮相機(jī)的特性可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致另一個(gè)問(wèn)題。通常我們最多可以使用五張照片來(lái)創(chuàng)建準(zhǔn)確的形狀，并且當(dāng)將場(chǎng)景的照相機(jī)與用于拍攝照片的相機(jī)的設(shè)置不同時(shí)，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。如果您自己做了參考，可以通過(guò)右鍵單擊文件名并選擇“屬性”>“詳細(xì)信息”，來(lái)查看相機(jī)的設(shè)置。如果您不了解照片的設(shè)置，則需要手動(dòng)設(shè)置相機(jī)。它需要時(shí)間，但它有助于比較你的照片和模型。

不管我們?cè)趧?chuàng)造條件建模時(shí)的做法，首要的是不要犯錯(cuò)誤。當(dāng)然，有可能創(chuàng)建沒(méi)有任何照片或藍(lán)圖的汽車，但結(jié)果將取決于你的眼睛的發(fā)展程度。如果您不信任您的比例感，或者您想要絕對(duì)確定，則需要使用一些輔助圖片。主要的是不要將照片與藍(lán)圖混淆在一起，而不能將它們用作另一種替代品。

Step 03: Blueprints

If you load a blueprint, do it through the Image Plane and don't forget to choose Looking Through Camera in the Image Plane Attributes.

步驟03：藍(lán)圖

如果您加載藍(lán)圖，請(qǐng)通過(guò)圖像平面進(jìn)行操作，不要忘記在圖像平面屬性中選擇“透視相機(jī)”。

Step 04: Blocking

As for the present model, we have only one photo which makes our task much more interesting. The car is exclusive, so there aren't as many photos as we'd like. But we have all that is necessary.

When working with similar cars, the chief thing is to take the uniqueness of these cars into consideration. Multiple car models are frequently made on the same basis, so you can find photos or blueprints of a very similar car to work on (remember to recognize and apply the differences in detail though).

So, beginning the process of creation of the model, we create a simple box.

步驟04：封鎖

至于現(xiàn)在的模式，我們只有一張照片，使我們的任務(wù)更有趣。 這輛車是獨(dú)家的。

在使用類似的汽車時(shí)，主要是考慮這些車的獨(dú)特性。 多個(gè)車型經(jīng)常在同一基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行，所以您可以找到一輛非常相似的車的照片或藍(lán)圖來(lái)工作（請(qǐng)記住盡可能地識(shí)別和應(yīng)用差異）。

所以，開始創(chuàng)建模型的過(guò)程，我們創(chuàng)建一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的框。

Step 05: Settings

It is important to place this box in the center of the interface co-ordinates. Also, this box must have the overall dimensions of the car. For example, if you know the car's length, width, and height, you should set them as the dimensions of that box.

The next step is to divide the box exactly in half. We need to cut exactly in the center of the co-ordinates. If the box is displaced, you need to align it along the grid by using the snapkey X. Next, delete one half and copy the existing object with the Instance Value, reflecting the geometry. Set a value of -1 in the corresponding cell of the Duplicate Special Options, to reflect the block.

步驟05：設(shè)置

將此框放置在界面坐標(biāo)的中心很重要。 此外，這個(gè)盒子必須具有汽車的整體尺寸。 例如，如果您知道汽車的長(zhǎng)度，寬度和高度，則應(yīng)將其設(shè)置為該框的尺寸。

下一步是將框分成兩半。 我們需要在坐標(biāo)的中心精確地切割。 如果框被移動(dòng)，則需要使用快捷鍵X將其與柵格對(duì)齊。接下來(lái)，刪除一半，并使用實(shí)例值復(fù)制現(xiàn)有對(duì)象，反映幾何。 在“重復(fù)特殊選項(xiàng)”的相應(yīng)單元格中設(shè)置值-1，以反映該塊。

Step 06: Adding polygons

We have two halves and each is part of our future car. To complicate the shape, we need to add polygons. We can do this now, remembering that the chief thing is to divide each edge exactly in half.

We could also have initially created a box with the required number of edges (the number of edges may have been different though).

步驟06：添加多邊形

我們有兩半，每個(gè)都是我們未來(lái)車的一部分。 要使形狀復(fù)雜化，我們需要添加多邊形。 我們現(xiàn)在可以這樣做，記住首要的是將每個(gè)邊緣分成兩半。

我們也可以最初創(chuàng)建一個(gè)具有所需數(shù)量邊的框（盡管邊的數(shù)量可能有所不同）。

Step 07: Bending the geometry

Next, we begin to work with the shape. First, we will bend the geometry a little.

步驟07：彎曲幾何

接下來(lái)，我們開始使用形狀。 首先，我們將彎曲幾何。

Step 08: More shapes

It is very important to understand that in this case, the shape of the chassis will consist of three parts; a basis and two front fenders. So initially, we will leave a straight line on the sides and will bend the geometry only at the center. After a simple manipulation, we can create the shape seen here.

步驟08：更多的形狀

非常重要的是要了解，在這種情況下，底盤的形狀將由三部分組成： 一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)和兩個(gè)前擋泥板。 所以最初，我們將在兩側(cè)留下一條直線，只能在中心彎曲幾何。 經(jīng)過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的操縱，我們可以創(chuàng)造出這里所看到的形狀。

Step 09: Refining the shape

Now we can safely leave the pentagons and triangles behind. At this stage, our goal is to give our geometry a better car shape. We delineate the chassis and fenders. To make our work easier later, we need a more precise shape. At this moment, the topology does not matter so we can leave the unmarked areas, but the edges must be aligned. At this stage, we show the chassis' main elements. Also, we can delete the bottom completely to make our work easier.

步驟09：精煉形狀

現(xiàn)在我們可以安全地離開五邊形和三角形。 在這個(gè)階段，我們的目標(biāo)是讓我們的幾何形狀更好。 我們勾勒出底盤和擋泥板。 為了使我們的工作更容易，我們需要一個(gè)更精確的形狀。 此時(shí)，拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)并不重要，所以我們可以離開未標(biāo)記的區(qū)域，但邊緣必須對(duì)齊。 在這個(gè)階段，我們展示了底盤的主要元素。 此外，我們可以完全刪除底部，使我們的工作更容易。

Step 10: Refining angles

When we make an object that looks like a car's chassis, we need to regulate the many angles according to the details shown in the original photo. We can always use primitives for this task.

步驟10：精煉角度

當(dāng)我們制作一個(gè)看起來(lái)像汽車底盤的物體時(shí)，我們需要根據(jù)原始照片中顯示的細(xì)節(jié)調(diào)節(jié)多個(gè)角度。 我們可以隨時(shí)使用原語(yǔ)進(jìn)行此任務(wù)。

Step 11: Beveling

Now we have the basic shapes down for the creation of the car, we can begin to bevel the edges. Don't be in a hurry with the detail.

第11步：倒角

現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)有了創(chuàng)造汽車的基本形狀，我們可以開始傾斜邊緣。 不要急于細(xì)節(jié)。

Step 12: More refinements

Despite the fact that we just outlined the car's chassis, now it is very important to feel the shape of the car and make corrections to the model according to the shapes in the photo. The chief thing is to see our halved sections completed. Imagine that you have a finished car and then complete any absent parts mentally.

步驟12：更多細(xì)化

盡管事實(shí)上我們剛剛概述了汽車的底盤，現(xiàn)在感覺(jué)汽車的形狀和根據(jù)照片中的形狀進(jìn)行修正是非常重要的。 主要的是看到我們的半部分完成了。 想象你有一輛成品車，然后精神上完成任何缺勤部分。

Step 13: Smoothing

When we correct the shape, it's important to remove the triangles and pentagons to make the shape smoother. We just need to choose any of the halves and set the Exponential Smooth Type value to 1.

You should obtain something similar to this.

步驟13：平滑

當(dāng)我們修正形狀時(shí)，重要的是去除三角形和五邊形以使形狀更平滑。 我們只需要選擇任意一半，并將“指數(shù)平滑類型”值設(shè)置為1。

你應(yīng)該得到類似的東西。

Step 14: Trim the mesh

Now we have many more polygons than we began with. We need to trim the mesh and set the Harden Edge value to Normal. Now you should be left with a simple exterior.

步驟14：修剪網(wǎng)格

現(xiàn)在我們有更多的多邊形比我們開始的時(shí)候。 我們需要修剪網(wǎng)格并將硬化邊緣值設(shè)置為“正�！�。 現(xiàn)在你應(yīng)該留下一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的外觀。

Step 15: Corrections

In this step, we need to make many corrections at once:

1. Make a cylinder and place it where there should be a wheel arch. Cut through the mesh and align all the tops of the cylinders.

2. Simplify the bonnet and make it narrower towards the grill.

3. Set the edge at the place where the center of the wheel should be and watch out for the neighboring edges - they do not need to be joined together.

4. Clear the mesh from the side - this is not obligatory, but simple geometry is always better. Also remove any unnecessary polygons, leaving only the most necessary ones. We can always add new polygons later if we need to.

5. Remove some polygons from the interior. Also work over the trunk, lowering the rear fender according to the photo.

At this point, it is important to form a precise mesh. We don't need an ideal mesh; we need a basis for further work, so try to make your mesh smoother and more logical. Also it is important to mark all principal places on the chassis by one or two edges.

It is no problem if you accidentally remove any extra edges. The chief thing is not to break the formed structure and to observe order in the mesh. If the edges are placed chaotically and without observance of distance, you will likely have a problem with the shape. You should focus on having a well arranged mesh, even if you remove several sections later on.

步驟15：更正

在這一步中，我們需要一次進(jìn)行許多更正：

1.制作一個(gè)圓柱體，將其放在應(yīng)該有一個(gè)輪拱的地方。切割網(wǎng)格并對(duì)齊圓柱體的所有頂部。

2.簡(jiǎn)化發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩，使其更窄。

3.將邊緣設(shè)置在車輪中心位置，注意相鄰邊緣 - 不需要連接在一起。

4.從側(cè)面清除網(wǎng)格 - 這不是強(qiáng)制性的，但簡(jiǎn)單的幾何總是更好。還要?jiǎng)h除任何不必要的多邊形，只留下最需要的多邊形。如果我們需要，我們可以隨時(shí)添加新的多邊形。

5.從內(nèi)部拆下一些多邊形。也可以在樹干上工作，根據(jù)照片降下后擋泥板。

在這一點(diǎn)上，重要的是形成一個(gè)精確的網(wǎng)格。我們不需要理想的網(wǎng)格;我們需要進(jìn)一步工作的基礎(chǔ)，所以嘗試使您的網(wǎng)格更平滑和更合乎邏輯。此外，重要的是將機(jī)箱上的所有主要位置標(biāo)記為一個(gè)或兩個(gè)邊緣。

如果您不小心刪除任何額外的邊緣，這是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的。主要的是不要打破形成的結(jié)構(gòu)，并且在網(wǎng)格中觀察秩序。如果邊緣混亂放置，而不遵守距離，則可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致形狀問(wèn)題。您應(yīng)該專注于布置好網(wǎng)格，即使稍后刪除多個(gè)部分。

Step 16: Complicating geometry

Next, we add some Bevels and complicate the geometry a bit where it is needed. We need to emphasize the chassis' principal lines. For now, you will need to make a single edge, so we can form a specific mesh around that edge later.

步驟16：復(fù)雜幾何

接下來(lái)，我們添加一些斜面，并使幾何在需要的地方復(fù)雜化。 我們需要強(qiáng)調(diào)底盤的主要線路。 現(xiàn)在，你需要做一個(gè)單一的邊緣，所以我們可以在這個(gè)邊緣之后形成一個(gè)特定的網(wǎng)格。

Step 17: Check the mesh

Remember we will smooth the mesh later on to obtain the required accuracy. At this point, that mesh should contain as few triangles and polygons as possible.

步驟17：檢查網(wǎng)格

記住我們將在以后平滑網(wǎng)格以獲得所需的準(zhǔn)確性。 在這一點(diǎn)上，該網(wǎng)格應(yīng)該包含盡可能少的三角形和多邊形。

Step 18: The base model

Now we have a basic model for future work. At this stage, we have full freedom to edit any dubious areas and correct the proportions. Don't forget to check with reference photos and look at the model from different sides.

Make sure you rotate your model often; look at the model from different sides and try to imagine the finished car. Also, try not to get lost in contemplation of your reference photos. Switch between photos faster and try to catch the whole shape: it can make further work easier. Finally, don't be in a hurry with details. First, you need to create a basic shape and then move from the general to the particular.

步驟18：基本模型

現(xiàn)在我們有一個(gè)未來(lái)工作的基本模式。 在這個(gè)階段，我們有充分的自由來(lái)編輯任何可疑的領(lǐng)域并糾正比例。 不要忘記查看參考照片，并從不同方面看模型。

確保經(jīng)常旋轉(zhuǎn)你的模型; 看看不同方面的模特，試著想象成品車。 另外，盡量不要迷失在考慮你的參考照片。 切換照片更快，并嘗試抓住整個(gè)形狀：它可以使更多的工作更容易。 最后，不要急于細(xì)節(jié)。 首先，您需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)基本的形狀，然后從一般到特定的形狀。